Saint Ambrose (339-397) bishop of Milan
Ambrose, like Martin of Tours, was a Roman army man. The Christian ethos had come into the army through the conversion of Constantine. Ambrose's status was such that he was chosen by acclamation to be archbishop of Milan.
Inculturation, the embodiment of the faith in a culture, has become a buzz word. One of the most successful examples, surely, was the melding between Christianity and the culture of ancient Rome. St Ambrose had a vital role in this.
Governor and bishop
Right from his birth, Aurelius Ambrogius was destined for an important role in the empire. Born in Trier on the Rhine in AD 339, the son of a Roman senator, who was also Prefect of Gaul, he became a lawyer and a senator, and the Governor of the Italian provinces of Emilia and Liguria, with his residence in Milan. He was a VIP of the imperial administration but left it to become the Bishop of Milan.
According to one biographer, he went as a Roman official to a Milanese church to ensure order during the election of the bishop and, although he was a layman, he himself was chosen after a child cried out, 'Ambrose for bishop!' This episode is depicted in a fresco in San Clemente Church in Rome. 'Violence was done to me,' wrote Ambrose later, referring to his election. He was only thirty-five!
Cornerstone
Whatever way he was elected, he proved to be an outstanding bishop in a long reign from AD 374 to AD 397. He was the cornerstone of the Milanese Church which still has its own rite, the Ambrosian, dating from his time. In it the Mass is structured somewhat differently from the Roman rite and the canons also differ.
Ambrose was also a significant figure beyond Milan, partly because it was the seat of the Emperor of the West. After Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity early in the century he had shifted the capital from Rome to Constantinople but the western part of the empire was ruled from Milan.
In Ambrose's time, eminent members of the Roman Senate still retained their pagan beliefs and their attachment to classical tradition. They were afraid that Christianity was an offence to those gods who had ensured the empire's greatness; some of them worked for the restoration of paganism, as was the case during the reign of Emperor Julian the Apostate, who died only twelve years before Ambrose became bishop.
Opposes Arian heretics
Ambrose played a key role in mounting opposition against persistent paganism. At the same time, Christianity was tragically divided, with Arian heretics, who claimed that Christ was inferior to God the Father, threatening to prevail. And barbarians were making inroads into the empire. Ambrose responded ably to all these problems, insisting on the need for unity and hence for discipline.
He retained a Roman senator’s sense of order and diplomacy, but put them at the service of the Church. He was related to some of the leading senators, had attended their schools and shared many of their tastes. He was far from being the only Christian senator but his family must have been one of those with the longest Christian traditions.
A relative, Severa, had been a martyr under the Emperor Diocletian at the end of the third century. His sister, whom he described as 'dearer to me than life and the light of my eyes', was a consecrated virgin. She seems to have been the leader of a community of Christian women who lived in her residence, which is now a Benedictine monastery near the Roman ghetto.
Ambrose lived under two Arian Emperors, namely Constantius II and Valens, while three other Emperors – Gratian, Theodosius and Valentinian – accepted his guidance.
He once affirmed that Emperors were not above the laws of the Church, an affirmation which set the stage for the Christendom of the Middle Ages.
In but not above
'The Emperor is in the Church,' he claimed, 'but not above it'. One result was that there were new expectations of Emperors: pagans had expected them to be valorous soldiers but also clement, austere and fair. (‘Emperor’ originally meant Commander of the Armed Forces).
Ambrose, however, expected additional qualities: he praised emperors who were devout and humble, and who showed compassion. He expected them to be first in the faith.
After the death of Emperor Theodosius, Ambrose praised him for 'lowering the imperial banners in the dust and crying for his sins'.
Rigorous and flexible
Ambrose was an interventionist bishop, disputing with the Emperor even about decisions affecting the Church in the Middle East, but he could also be extremely tactful: his legal training had taught him to mix rigour with flexibility. Evidently, Emperors of barbarian background, such as Theodosius who made Christianity the State religion, admired Ambrose's culture as well as his holiness.
When the Arians were on the verge of getting the upper hand in Milan, Ambrose composed hymns to combat their teaching and, to retain control of the cathedral, he even defied pro-Arian troops. At a decisive moment he discovered the bones of two martyrs, Gervase and Protase, which encouraged his flock. 'Now I have my soldiers,' he commented, 'who are in the army of Jesus'.
Despite a weak voice, he was a renowned preacher (many of his sermons survive) and a vigorous polemicist who, among other things, defended the recently formulated Nicean Creed which was under attack by Arians.
Important influence
One of his most important services was to inspire a certain teacher of rhetoric, who had come to Milan with his mother and son on the recommendation of the pagan Senator Symmachus, who had been a school friend of Ambrose and who was also probably a relative.
This teacher, who was born in North Africa, described a visit to Ambrose. He saw the bishop engrossed in his reading which, unusually for the times, he did silently: 'His door was never closed to anyone and no one had to be announced before meeting him. Many times I saw him reading and, after watching him without saying a word, I went away...'. The young teacher who tiptoed away discreetly was Augustine from Hippo, in what is now Algeria.
Ambrose was a strenuous defender of the order established by Rome which he tended to identify with Christianity. His fear was that, if this order disappeared, chaos would prevail. Perhaps, in Ambrose, the meld between Christianity and Roman culture was too successful.
But Augustine went a step further for he claimed serenely that even if the barbarians conquered Rome, the City of God would prevail nevertheless.
Towards the end of AD 396 Ambrose fell ill, and died later on Easter Sunday AD 397. Shortly before this, as prayers were offered for his recovery, he said, 'I have not lived in a way which makes me ashamed to stay alive but I am not afraid of death either because God is good'.