The incident occurred sometime between the hours of 8am on Sunday, November 1 and 11.30am on Monday (November 2) at St Giles in Standlake in the west of the county.
Thames Valley Police says that items were stolen from the church and there was "significant damage" caused as fire extinguishers were set off inside.
The police force is now appealing to the public for more information to aid with their investigation into the burglary and damage.
A statement from Thames Valley Police said: "A burglary and significant damage have occurred at Standlake church.
"Items were stolen, fire extinguishers discharged, and damage caused throughout the building. This has had a real impact on those who care for and use the church.
"Did you see anything suspicious around the church, particularly from Sunday at 8am till Monday 11.30am?
"If so, please contact Thames Valley Police via 101, quoting 43260572872. Please help us protect the places that are at the heart of our community."