Lord Sacks told The Times that the Government should recognise marriage in the tax system and give more support for stay-at-home mums or the cost of childcare provision.
"I think the Government has not done enough," he told the newspaper. "Although I don't take a party political stance ... I don't think the Government has done enough at all.
"The State has an interest in marriage because the cost of family breakdown and non-marriage, the last time I looked at it, was estimated at £9 billion a year."
Lord Sacks is about to step down from his position as Chief Rabbi after 22 years.
There is disagreement in the Coalition Government over Chancellor George Osborne's promise to include a tax break for married couples in his Autumn Statement. The Lib Dems oppose the measure.
There has been criticism within Osborne's own party of the new £1bn scheme to help working parents cover the cost of childcare.
Under the scheme, households with two working parents earning up to £300,000 a year will receive up to £1,200 for every child.
However, households with one stay-at-home parent will not benefit.
The Chief Rabbi went on to criticise the concept of multiculturalism, saying it had created "segregation and inward looking communities".