The action takes place at a time when Christianity was outlawed in the Asian nation.
The film is based on a novel of the same name by Japanese author Shūsaku Endō.
Although a work of fiction, the character of Fr Ferreira, portrayed by Neeson, is based on Italian priest Giuseppe Chiara who served as a missionary in Japan in the same era.
Scorsese has been keen to adapt at the book for cinema since 1990.
The film is scheduled for release in Australia on December 22.