Last month, a 100-year-old convicted Nazi war criminal died in Italy
and nobody wanted to bury him.
Former SS captain Erich Priebke died
under house arrest on Oct. 11, and that’s when the trouble started.
Priebke had wanted a public funeral and Catholic burial — in contempt of
the standard practice of cremating Nazi war criminals and scattering
their ashes to the wind, or tucking them out of sight.
But the
Diocese of Rome refused to bury him — as did Priebke’s hometown in
Germany and the foreign minister of Argentina, where Priebke (who died
unrepentant) lived after fleeing his war-riddled continent.
Each locale
worried that Priebke’s gravesite could become a shrine for roaming Third
Reich nostalgics.
The corpse was in limbo, until the Society of St.
Pius X stepped in.
The Society of St. Pius X (SSPX) is a fervently
traditionalist Catholic sect: a Vatican breakaway with no official
Church status, and the cause of much malcontent in Rome.
Born in
reaction to the Church’s modernizing reforms of the ’60s, the Society
soon emerged as a stronghold of the way Catholicism used to be.
In the
towns and cities where SSPX communities popped up (SSPX claims almost
half a million members, hundreds of priests, and a presence on every
continent, though the numbers cannot be verified), the group is best
known for its practice of the old Tridentine Mass: conducted in Latin,
the priest’s back to his congregation, and heavy on the Gregorian chant.
Elsewhere,
SSPX is known for other things: like its Holocaust-denying bishop; its
anti-Semitic conspiracy mongering (an SSPX leader recently dubbed Jews
and Modernists “enemies of the Church”); its rejection of interfaith
dialogue; and its insistence that, since the 1960s, the Vatican has
taken a turn for the worse. The Anti-Defamation League describes SSPX as
“mired in anti-Semitism.”
The Southern Poverty Law Center ups the ante,
calling “radical traditionalist Catholics” (including, prominently,
SSPX members) “the single largest group of hard-core anti-Semites in
America.”
And yet, the Vatican wants to make amends.
Though a
round of official negotiations broke down last year, the Holy See still
supports a Pontifical Commission called Ecclesia Dei, which has tried to
lead the SSPX flock back into the fold.
As recently as January,
Archbishop Augustine Di Noia, one of Rome’s top dogs, penned a letter to
Society priests, pleading for “reconciliation and healing.”
Why?
Meanwhile,
there are whispers of a formal “schism” between the Vatican and SSPX
followers — and Erich Priebke’s body has been buried in an anonymous
grave.
***
“The history of the SSPX, like the history of the
Catholic Church, is a beautiful mystery,” reads the official website of
SSPX.
But that’s not really so.
Here’s what we know:
In 1962, the
Church opened its first ecumenical council in almost 100 years.
Attended by more than 2,500 bishops, the Second Vatican Council (or
Vatican II) was meant to reconcile the Roman Catholic Church with the
modern world. And indeed, the Council defined Catholicism as we now know
it.
Vatican II tidied up Church government and encouraged interfaith
friendship. Critically, it also ditched the traditional Latin Mass — in
favor of a mass conducted in vernacular tongues.
(Congregants would now
have some idea of what was being preached at them.)
During this
time, one Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre grew deeply displeased. Lefebvre
had always flirted with the far right (he supported Marshal Pétain’s
Nazi-collaborating Vichy regime during WWII) and so it was no surprise
when he emerged at the helm of Council challengers.
A few years after
refusing to sign Vatican II’s liberalizing documents, Lefebvre opened
his own anti-Modernist seminary (bishops called it the “wildcat
seminary”) in Écône, Switzerland. His movement grew, and eventually
formalized as SSPX.
By 1976, after some tousling with the papacy,
Lefebvre was officially stripped of his holy orders.
By 1988, things
turned really sour.
Against the Pope’s orders, Lefebvre consecrated four
bishops — leading the Vatican to excommunicate all five.
SSPX continued
to minister, but without official canonical status.
Today, SSPX
describes itself as an “international priestly society” and
Catholicism’s lone defender of God’s authentic word.
The society is
committed to the Latin mass — and staunchly opposes interfaith
cooperation.
It takes a narrow view of “liberty” and bemoans Modernism’s
so-called “over-emphasis on the natural power and dignity of man.”
It
was the Latin mass that got Dr. Harriet Murphy, a 53-year-old Brit and
former professor of German Studies at the University of Warrwick.
(She
boasts a doctorate from Oxford University and sabbaticals at the likes
of Harvard.)
As a young girl, Murphy was sent to a convent school where
she received “a classical Catholic upbringing” by “highly-qualified
sisters.”
After graduating, she went on to study languages — and,
eventually, to drift away from the Church. She spent time in America,
where “my American friends called me a neocon. I would describe myself
as conservative.”
She published books and articles on Kafka and Canetti
and Nietzsche. And then she found the Church again. Murphy calls it
“rebirth… a kind of Damascus experience.”
It was in Austria, on
sabbatical, that she first stumbled across a Latin mass — and was
overwhelmed by its majesty. “It can knock you off your feet and it
certainly did. It was like another Damascus experience.”
As Murphy
learned more about SSPX, she found more to like: the “order and
dignity;” the “happy families, united parents;” the commitment to
charity; the fired-up adherents.
She began to attend seminars, retreats,
a pilgrimage through Paris.
“I’ll remember it on my deathbed, walking
by the Arc de Triomphe and all of Paris comes to a standstill because
there are 8,000 people walking by with rosaries… singing these
incredible hymns that they were singing in 1789 when they hated what was
going on in the Revolution.”
In Murphy’s telling, she “broke
down” — swayed by allegations that the Church had failed and was
failing, and by her own sense that it had “become liberal and
wishy-washy.”
Eventually, says Murphy, her religious devotion made her
work at a small, liberal university intolerable — and so she quit.
Today,
her thoughts have changed.
“They stole me for fifteen years of my
life,” she says, of “the sect.” Murphy describes a kind of
indoctrination — fueled by a radical (and, she now believes, incorrect)
reading of Catholic texts.
SSPX, she says, “can fill you up when you
have been a wanderer and lost your mooring… You would really need to be
quite clever and sharp to see the errors.”
Over the last several
years, SSPX’s antics have snagged widespread attention — to the sure
embarrassment of the Vatican.
Much controversy stems from SSPX’s
old-school anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial.
The Society has a long
history of Vichy nostalgia; it was revealed in the 1990s that the group
had harbored Nazi collaborator and war criminal Paul Touvier.
But the
situation climaxed in 2009, when SSPX bishop Richard Williamson gave a
television interview in which he denied the existence of Nazi gas
chambers.
(German chancellor Angela Merkel was none too pleased, and had
a telephone chat with the Pope soon after.)
Despite all this,
negotiations continued.
Then Pope Benedict XVI even made some
concessions: loosening restrictions on the Latin mass in 2007 — and, in
2009, reversing the SSPX bishops’ excommunications.
In 2011, the Vatican
presented SSPX with a “Doctrinal Preamble,” a kind of theological
ultimatum, which SSPX could accept (heralding union) or reject
(heralding schism). But rounds of talks stalled and stalled.
“If we
really want reconciliation,” urged a May 2012 column in The Catholic
Herald, “now is really the time to pray about it.”
Throughout, the
point of the whole exercise appeared increasingly obscure.
“In a
pastoral sense, the door is always open,” cautioned papal champion
Archbishop Müller in October 2012.
But “We cannot put the Catholic faith
at the mercy of negotiations. Compromise does not exist in this field.”
The talks have since broken down.
***
Why is the Vatican
bending over backwards for SSPX — reportedly to the chagrin of more
liberal-minded Catholic factions? In the view of John L. Allen, Jr.,
author and veteran Vaticanologist, “[Other groups] represent a pastoral
challenge, but the Lefebvrites are a genuine ecclesiological nightmare —
legitimately ordained bishops acting outside of the communion with the
pope, spawning an entire ecclesiastical structure that Rome is
constrained to recognize but cannot control.”
But SSPX poses a
doctrinal threat too.
Beginning in the ’60s, some Catholics struggled to
understand Vatican II within what Rome describes as a “hermeneutic of
continuity” — a continuation of Catholic orthodoxy.
SSPX speaks instead
(and loudly) of a “hermeneutic of rupture” that challenges the Church’s
very legitimacy. Is it possible that some in the Vatican are sympathetic
to SSPX’s critique?
Gavin D’Costa, a professor in Catholic Theology at
England’s University of Birmingham, thinks that like the SSPX, “there
are some senior Church figures who want to emphasize the importance of
‘true’ doctrine.”
But the word of the day is surely “schism.”
“If
you mention the word ‘schism,’ [SSPX members] go absolutely ballistic,”
former Society follower Harriet Murphy insists. But D’Costa says “schism
is likely” — though he thinks, in the long run, that this will come to
weaken SSPX.”
Back in Vatican City, the SSPX’s overt Nazi abetting
and unabashed anti-Semitism never quelled the Holy See’s desire for
reconciliation.
But Pope Francis is a different kind of pope: a pope who
understands the field of public relations.
Given all this — and, most
recently, the Society’s intervention in Erich Priebke’s funeral — can
Pope Francis afford to resume negotiations?
Or afford not to.
Back
in 2009, a French cardinal told journalists that then Pope Benedict XVI
knew “the drama a schism represents in the church” — and, for that
reason, would “go as far as he could in extending his hand.”
Last month, a 100-year-old convicted Nazi war criminal died in Italy
and nobody wanted to bury him.