Religious observers are asking: "Is Pope Francis an exorcist?" after an incident in St Peter's Square.The pope laid his hands on the head of a young man after celebrating Mass.
The man heaved deeply a half-dozen times, convulsed and shook, and then slumped in his wheelchair as Francis prayed over him.
The television station of the Italian bishops' conference said it had surveyed exorcists, who agreed that Francis either performed an exorcism or a prayer to free the man from the devil.
The Vatican was more cautious, saying Francis "didn't intend to perform any exorcism.
But as he often does for the sick or suffering, he simply intended to pray for someone."
Fuelling the speculation is Francis' obsession with the devil, a frequent subject of his homilies.
There has also been an apparent surge in demand for exorcisms among the faithful despite the irreverent treatment the rite often receives from Hollywood.
In his very first homily as pope on March 14, Francis warned cardinals gathered in the Sistine Chapel the day after he was elected that "he who doesn't pray to the Lord prays to the devil."
He has since mentioned the devil on a handful of occasions, most recently in a May 4 homily when in his morning Mass in the Vatican hotel chapel he spoke of the need for dialogue - except with Satan. "With the prince of this world you can't have dialogue: let this be clear!" he warned.
Experts said Francis' frequent invocation of the devil is a reflection both of his Jesuit spirituality, his Latin American roots - and a reflection of a Catholic Church weakened by secularization.
"The devil's influence and presence in the world seems to fluctuate in quantity inversely proportionate to the presence of Christian faith," said the Rev. Robert Gahl, a theologian at Rome's Pontifical Holy Cross University. "So, one would expect an upswing in his malicious activity in the wake of de-Christianisation and secularisation" in the world and a surge in things like drug use, pornography and superstition.