Just as many Catholics have connected Pope Francis' humility and
austere lifestyle with that of St. Francis of Assisi, those seeking
clues on the new pontiff's approach to Christian-Muslim relations see
another example in the iconic namesake.In a little known episode in 1219, St. Francis left the camp of the crusaders besieging the walled Egyptian city of Damietta and crossed enemy lines to meet with Malik al-Kamil, the young sultan of Egypt.
"I can't believe that the choice of his namesake is only about deference to poor people, as important and admirable as that is," said the Rev. William Hugo, a Capuchin Franciscan brother and priest in St. Joseph, Wis.
"The story of Francis seeking out Al-Kamil would surely raise up in Pope Francis the desire to reach out and be in relationship with those suffering a separation or (who are) excluded."
A desert encounter
Scholars are divided, however, on whether it was peace or proselytizing that motivated St. Francis. The earliest biographies of him depict a more hard line Christian who sought to convert Al-Kamil.
"Francis's goal was, of course, conversion, not coexistence. And while some 13th-century Christian commentators criticized the crusades for their violence, Francis was not among those critics. His joining up with the 5th Crusade suggests a tacit acceptance of crusading," said Philip Daileader, a history professor at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Va.
Many later biographies, however, say St. Francis' motivation was more dovish.
"He wanted to see the sultan because he was pained, and he felt guilty," said Jon Sweeney, author of the new book, "Francis of Assisi In His Own Words: The Essential Writings." "He saw the carnage and it was his church that was doing it."
Conversion or coexistence?
Chris van Gorder, a scholar of Christian-Muslim relations at Baylor University, asserts that St. Francis, a former soldier, was driven by compassion, a hatred for war, a desire to learn from others, and "to build missionistic bridges of reconciliation and healing."
"St. Francis of Assisi was a confident evangelist and a fearless peacemaker who was appalled at the rapacious violence of his era," said van Gorder.
But even if St. Francis' goal was conversion, it was not an end unto itself, but a means to peace.
"We're seeing the church interpret Francis in modern times as a bridge," said Paul Moses, author of "The Saint and the Sultan," a 2009 book which explores St. Francis' pivotal engagement with Islam. "To Muslims ears, the choice of Francis for a name should sound good."
Andrea Stanton, a religious studies professor at the University of Denver, said peace was Francis' motive.
"His attempt to convert the sultan was a conflict resolution exercise: if the sultan embraced Christianity, the wars would end, because a Christian would govern Jerusalem," Stanton said.
What makes Francis' trip all the more improbable is that Muslims were depicted as blood-thirsty heretics inspired by the devil, and venturing into their camp meant certain death.
"Attitudes toward Muslims at that time were hostile beyond imaginings," said van Gorder. "St. Francis was prepared to be a martyr and was warned by his colleagues that there was a price for the head of a Christian in the sultan's court, and that his death would almost be certain if he persisted in his plans to go to the sultan's camp."
Although there are no first-hand accounts of the meeting, historians say it had a tremendous influence on both men. Al-Kamil, known as a tolerant ruler who offered religious freedom to Christians, received St. Francis hospitably, allowing him to stay in his court for several days and even preach.
The two talked about religion, war and other issues. During his stay, St. Francis made no requests of the sultan, except shortly before he departed, when he asked for a meal, possibly with the hope of breaking bread with Al-Kamil.
"The hagiography portrays the two men as having a profound impact on each other. They parted in peace with each other and gained respect for the other," said Hugo.
A model for 21st-century dialogue
The visit had a profound impact on St. Francis, who returned to Italy the next year, and made a monumental change to his nascent order's rules.
Before the visit, Franciscans were allowed to engage Muslims with the goal of converting them.
After the trip, he revised the rule to say it was also permissible to live peaceably among Muslims and under Muslim rule, without trying to convert them.
"That was revolutionary at that time," said Moses.
While it's not clear if Pope Francis will look to St. Francis for interfaith guidance, he wouldn't be the first pontiff to do so. In 1986, Pope John Paul II led the World Day of Prayer for Peace in Assisi, inviting religious leaders from several different faiths to the saint's birthplace.
Benedict, who was not a big supporter of the World Day of Prayer, according to Moses, returned for the 25th anniversary in 2011.
"Pope John Paul II looked to Francis as a figure that can provide inspiration in today's world as to how we approach other religions," said Moses. "The pope didn't just pick that site because it's easy to get to."