St Mary Magdalene (1st century) disciple of Jesus
Most
Christian traditions assume that Mary was from the place called Magdala
near Tiberias on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, where Jesus landed
(Mt 15:39, cp. Mk 8:10), even though there is no information to indicate
whether this was her home, her birthplace, or whether she had some
other connection with the place.
The New Testament
Mary Magdalene is first
mentioned in Luke's gospel as one of the group of women disciples of
Jesus, "who provided for them out of their resources" and she is the one
"from whom seven demons had gone out" (Luke 8:2-3).
She is also among the women who were present at the crucifixion of
Jesus when the male disciples, with the exception of John, abandoned
him. She stood with his mother Mary "near the cross" (Jn 19:25),
"watching from a distance" (Mk 15:40) and saw the tomb and how his body
was laid (Mk 15:47; Lk 23:55; Mt 27:61).
She is among the women who very early in the morning on the first day
of the week went with spices to the tomb to anoint the body (Mk 16:2+;
Mt 28:1+), but found the tomb empty. She went to tell Simon and the
other disciple, the one Jesus loved (Jn 20:1-2).
She is the first to whom Jesus shows himself after the resurrection,
though at first she doesn't recognise him till he called her name, Mary.
Then she cried Rabbuni. He said "Do not cling to me, for I
have not ascended to my Father. but go and find the brothers and tell
them: I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your
God" (Jn 20:11-18).
The Fathers of the Church
For the first five
centuries Mary Magdalene is highly regarded. Ambrose and Augustine both
associate her with the New Eve who faithfully clings to Christ the new
Adam, reversing the sin of the first Eve.
However, at the end of the sixth century an influential sermon of Pope St Gregory the Great (540-604) used the word peccatrix
("a sinful woman") of Mary Magdalene.
He also wrongly identified her
with Mary of Bethany, sister of Lazarus and Martha (Jn 12:1-8), on the
one hand, and, on the other, with the woman who was a sinner (Lk
7:36-50), both of whom had brought precious oil to anoint the feet of
Jesus. Gregory also wrongly identified her with the woman taken in
adultery (Jn 8:1-11).
Good Mary and Bad Mary
These confusions have persisted into the tradition about Mary Magdalene and it's a short step from peccatrix (sinner) to meretrix
(prostitute).
Because of this, the complexity of "Marys" in the New
Testament became reduced to a simple dualism: Good Mary, the ever virgin
mother, and the repentant sinner, Bad Mary.
Far from
lessening Magdalene's role in popular devotion, this reduction only
served to feed a fascination about her.
Artistic depictions fuelled it
even more.
Eastern tradition
The tradition in the East was
that Magdalene went with the Blessed Virgin and John the Apostle to
Ephesus, where she died and was buried.
The English bishop Willibald is
said to have seen her tomb when he visited there in the 8th century.
Relics
The town of Vézelay in Burgundy had from
the 11th century claimed relics of Mary Magdalene, which, it was said, a
monk Baudillon brought from St Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume in Provence.
The
legend was that she, her brother Lazarus and her sister Martha had all
evangelised Provence.
The Cluniac Benedictines of Vézelay and the
Dominicans of Saint-Maximin for the next few centuries competitively
reported miracles in support of their respective claims.