An Iraqi-American woman has named Chaldean Catholic Archbishop Bashar
Warda in a federal lawsuit in the United States over claims about his
personal, political, and business ties to what is essentially the Iraqi
mafia.
For years, Warda has been a point of reference not only within his
Chaldean Catholic community, but for Iraqi Christians generally,
especially in the wake of the violent persecution and mass displacement
unleashed by ISIS in 2014.
Amid the ISIS-induced mass displacement and the ongoing effort to
rebuild after the liberation of the Nineveh Plain in 2017, Warda gained a
reputation as an avid entrepreneur and one of the strongest defenders
of one of the world’s most persecuted Christian minorities.
This reputation has also won him strong ties in Washington,
developing a strong relationship with United States Republican
Congressman Chris Smith, who visited camps for the displaced in Erbil in
December 2016 and later spearheaded a bill to support Iraq’s
beleaguered Christian minority.
Supporters would say there are perhaps few people who have done as
much as Warda for Iraqi Christians, however, he is now facing
allegations of terrorism and bribery related to his association with the
Hanna family.
Under the microscope, in particular, are his ties to brothers Nizar,
Nameer and Ramez Hanna Abdo Nasri, who are generally seen as Iraqi
mobsters due to the illicit nature of how they amassed their wealth.
Warda specifically has been named in a federal lawsuit filed in the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, along
with other judicial and political actors, by real estate developer Sara
Saleem, who has accused Warda of interfering in an ongoing criminal
case against the Hanna brothers in Iraq.
Saleem has accused the Hanna’s of aiding and abetting in her
kidnapping and has said they swindled her out of millions of dollars, as
well as half of her company. She has provided documentation for some of
her claims that Crux has seen.
Warda in a statement earlier this year said he “categorically denies
and rejects these false and defamatory allegations and will contest them
vigorously in the appropriate forums.”
Hanna brothers
Featured by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) in a June 2022 report,
the Hanna brothers, particularly Nizar, are real estate tycoons who
fund shopping malls, residential complexes and high-rise office
buildings in Erbil, the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan.
The family began its financial rise in the 1990s, when Iraq was
crippled by international sanctions and most basic goods were banned
from importation, opening the door to a broad smuggling network for
moving products in and out of Iraq.
Cigarettes were the most profitable commodity, and, according to
OCCRP, the Hanna’s in the late 1980s forged ties among political elites
and monopolized the smuggling of black-market tobacco, building an
operation that spans throughout the Middle East and the funds from which
are allegedly funneled to organized crime rings, corrupt politicians,
and local militias.
Though the brothers have since shifted away from cigarettes, the
infrastructure they developed in the 1990s and 2000s still exits, with
OCCRP reporting that there are six illegal cigarette factories operating
in Iraq, three of which are linked to the Hannas.
Today, in large part thanks to their role in the black market
cigarette trade, the Hannas sit at the apex of a financial empire that
has now expanded into pharmaceuticals, liquor imports, and swank real
estate developments.
A deal gone wrong
In 2014, the Hanna brothers struck a deal with Saleem, a dual
US-Iraqi citizen now based in Virginia and whose Iraqi company Al-Saqr
Al-Jarih competes for and is regularly awarded the most significant
construction contracts in Iraq.
As part of her 2014 agreement with Nizar, Nameer and Ramez Hanna, which Crux
has seen, Saleem arranged for the transfer of $100 million from the
Trade Bank of Iraq (TBI) to finance the construction of the Safat
Project in Basra, a joint venture in which the money was to be repaid by
the Hanna’s and Saleem would relinquish 50 percent of her company’s
shares to the brothers without compensation, with the promise that they
would complete and expand the Safat project through their own means.
However, shortly after signing the deal and receiving the $100
million loan, Saleem claims she began to receive threats from Iraqi
government officials demanding that she donate money to support certain
individuals. When she refused, she said she was threatened with “big
trouble” and physical harm.
In September of that year, Saleem said she was kidnapped by militants
who surrounded her vehicle, hit her, and imprisoned her in a house in
Baghdad, demanding to know demanding to access to the $100 million she
had received from TBI. Saleem said she was in captivity for three months
before escaping.
She has since pursued legal action against the Hannas, and in a July 2023 ruling which Crux
has seen, the brothers were sentenced to three years imprisonment after
the Alkhark Baghdad Federal Court of Appeal found them guilty of
defrauding both TBI and Saleem of $100 million.
However, an Iraqi court ordered a retrial of the case in November
2024, and the date was set for Dec. 8, 2024. The Hannas were then
released on a bail of $33,000 each, and subsequently flew to Lebanon,
and from there, to London.
Saleem is currently awaiting a ruling on an appeal from Iraq’s
Supreme Judicial Council. The Hannas are expected to be acquitted, with
Saleem and her legal team accusing Iraqi courts of corruption and of
“rigging” the process.
Saleem has pinned part of the blame on Warda and other Christian
leaders in Iraq, including Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and all
the East Ignatius Joseph III Yonan; Mar Georges III Younan, Patriarch of
the Ancient Church of the East; and Bishop Athanasios Toma Dawud of the
Syriac Orthodox Church in the UK.
It is common in Iraq, where local leadership is often lacking and
deemed untrustworthy, for church leaders to take up prominent roles in
local communities, becoming points of reference akin to a governor or a
mayor for towns or regional areas, and therefore developing a working
relationship with everyone.
Saleem has accused Warda, in particular, of intervening on the
Hanna’s behalf through a bribe to the prime minister, and she also
claims she was pressured by Warda personally to drop her complaint
against the Hannas.
Her legal team on Feb. 13 filed a lawsuit in Virginia against the
Iraqi judge Faiq Zidan, Warda, and a series of senior government
officials under the United States Anti-Terrorism and Torture Victims
Protection Acts, accusing them of “brutal acts of extortion, kidnapping,
torture, and attempted murder.”
Most of her claims against Warda are he-said-she-said, however,
Saleem has said a series of exchanges with Warda on WhatsApp in March
2023, which Crux has seen, were intended to pressure her to water down her legal complaint.
She said Warda contacted her regarding her attempts to reach a
settlement with the Hanna brothers, before they were sentenced. After a
phone conversation, she sent him a copy of a settlement proposal, which
he then forwarded to the brothers.
In response, Warda sent her an audio note in which he advises her to
take out a portion saying that the Hannas had acted on the loan without
her knowledge, saying this portion would be turned against her, “because
you claim that a sum of money was withdrawn in your name and you didn’t
know what was going on.”
“It is my impression that this is an exaggeration,” he said in the
audio message, saying he thought that claim would be used against her.
Saleem claims this was a veiled attempt by Warda to water down her
complaint, an instinct she has said was reinforced by a subsequent phone
conversation in which she felt pressured by Warda to settle for less
money.
In her lawsuit filed in a Virginia court this year, dated Feb. 13, 2025, and which Crux
has seen, Saleem includes Warda among the individuals she is suing on
grounds that they maintain “worldwide networks of trade and smuggling
that do business in the United States.”
Interecclesial tensions
Saleem’s inclusion of Warda in her lawsuit comes amid ongoing
tensions within the Chaldean Catholic Church, the largest of Iraq’s
various Christian communities.
Warda in the past has faced questions over his ties with political
elites such as Rayan al-Kildani, the leader of an Iranian-funded Babylon
Brigades’ militia, and its political wing, the Babylon Movement party.
Al-Kildani, who was sanctioned by the U.S. government for human
rights violations in 2019, is a Chaldean Catholic at odds with Chaldean
Patriarch Louis Raphael Sako, who has accused al-Kildani of sectarianism
warmongering. Sako has accused Warda of befriending al-Kildani to boost
his profile and status.
Amid a heated ongoing back-and-forth dispute between the two, Warda
has issued various statements appearing to back al-Kildani, leading to a
growing feud between Warda and Sako as the latter prepares to retire,
and Warda is seen as a favorite to take his place as patriarch.
The tension between Sako and Warda has reportedly kept Sako in
office, refusing to retire as internal divisions continue to foment in
the Chaldean church.
As this feud continues to play out, Warda now faces the added
pressure of a federal lawsuit and increased questions about his
relationships as the Chaldean church struggles to plan a vision for its
future in Iraq.
A knowledgeable source close to the archdiocese has denied the
allegations against Warda, labelling the charges as “nonsensical
fabrications.”