The court said the rights of Horst Michael Schalk and Johann Franz Kopf had not been violated by their inability to get married.
In Austria, same-sex couples can enter into legally recognised partnerships that are similar to marriage but differ in some ways.
A panel of seven judges ruled unanimously that the couple were not covered by the guarantee of the right to marry in Europe's human rights convention.
The judges said there is "an emerging European consensus towards legal recognition of same-sex couples", but left it to individual states to decide what form that should take.
SIC: BT